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Actos Lawsuit: Bladder cancer primarily affects people between the ages of 50 and 75, and more often men than women, and more Caucasians than African Americans, Hispanics, or Asians. Smokers, former smokers, and people whose jobs expose them to certain chemicals or environmental toxins are at higher risk of developing bladder cancer. Family members of people who have had bladder cancer are at slightly higher risk of developing the disease, and if you have already had blad­der cancer, you have an increased chance of getting it again.

The bladder is a balloon-shaped, muscular organ tucked into the pelvis and held in place by fibrous bands and muscle. The bladder is part of a system that includes the kidneys, ureters, and urethra. These organs process the waste products left behind after your body has taken out the nutrients it needs from the food you eat. The bladder is lined on the inside by a tissue known as urothelium, the smooth layer that stretches as the blad­der fills and prevents excreted material from being reab­sorbed into the body. Underneath the urothelium is a mix of fibrous or supporting tissue and muscle, both of which help the bladder to expand (when full) and to contract and excrete urine at the appropriate time.

In addition to lining the bladder, urothelial tissue also lines other parts of the urinary tract system, including in the ureters (the tubes that drain the kidneys), the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body), and parts of the male prostate. Urothelial tissue can sometimes develop cancerous changes known as uro­thelial malignancy. The most common type of cancer of the urothelial tract is transitional cell carcinoma, also known as urothelial cancer. When urothelial tissue is exposed to cancer-causing substances, such as the by-products of cigarette smoke, the potential exists for cancerous changes to occur in multiple locations. That’s why when bladder cancer is suspected or confirmed, the entire urinary tract is screened for the pos­sible presence of other cancerous deposits.

Other organs, such as the lungs, liver, skin, and intesti­nal tract, also process waste. These systems work together to balance the chemicals and water your body needs to func­tion properly. The urinary system processes urea, a specific waste prod­uct that is produced when protein-containing foods (such as a meat) are broken down in the digestive process. Urea is filtered through the kidneys and, together with other waste by-products and water, is converted into urine. Urine is carried by thin tubes called ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. Muscles in the walls of th e ureters squeeze out small amounts of urine into the bladder on a constant basis, about every ten seconds. A healthy bladder can hold about two cups of urine for up to five hours. Healthy adults produce about six cups of urine a day.

Actos Lawsuit

Actos Lawsuit News – 3/5/2012: If you were prescribed Actos and have suffered negative side effects, please contact us today so that we can put you in touch with an attorney to advise you of your legal rights.

Actos Lawsuit: The bladder is a hollow organ nestled in the lower abdomen that serves as a storage container for urine, the liquid waste produced by the kidneys. The inner tissue of the bladder is surrounded by an outer layer of muscle that tightens to increase the pressure in the bladder when one is about to pass urine, forcing the urine to pass from the bladder into the urethra (the flexible tube that carries urine from the bladder to the point of urination) and out of the body. Cancer that arises in the bladder is one of the most common malignancies in industrialized societ­ies, yet it is not well understood in the community at large. We believe that it is time to provide a simple, non-medical explanation of this disease for people who have to deal with this illness either as patients or as caregivers.

Urothelial cancer (which, for many years, was termed “transitional cell cancer” or TCC), which accounts for more than 90 percent of bladder cancers, begins in the innermost layer of bladder tissue and consists of cells of variable sizes and shapes. It has been called “transitional” because it resembles some of the other patterns of cells that are found in other bladder cancers and has been thought to be intermediate or transitional between some of them. Because of where it begins, i.e., the lining of the bladder or “urothelium,” it is now more commonly called urothelial cancer.

Another pattern is squamous cell carcinoma, which starts in the flat cells that line the inside of the bladder and (under the microscope) closely resembles the appearance of the cells that make up the layers of skin. Adenocarcinoma begins in cells that have a glandlike appearance and make mucus. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are very uncommon. Cancer is not one disease; it is many diseases affect­ing parts of the human body All cancers have one thing in common: something has gone wrong in the way some of the body’s cells normally grow, divide, and die. When a cancer forms, the main problem is that some cells start to grow, slowly or quickly, in an uncontrolled fashion, and the usual switch-off mechanisms that stop cell growth don’t work properly.

The breakdown in the switch-off mecha­nisms may be caused by exposure to chemicals (e.g., some of those found in cigarette smoke), radiation, or even rare types of virus infection. The extra cells may cluster and form a tumor. Cancer cells may invade and damage surrounding tissue. Cancer cells may also break away and spread through the body by entering the lymph or blood systems. Most bladder cancers that are located on the inner surface of the bladder are treated by techniques that kill them or remove them surgically. Bladder cancers that are invasive (having burrowed into the wall of the bladder) or metastatic (having spread to other parts of the body) require more complicated treatment.

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Actos Lawsuit: Caucasians constitute the group at highest risk for devel­oping this form of cancer, followed by African Americans. For reasons that are not yet known, fewer Asians develop bladder cancer. U.S. government statistics show that about 40.3 per 100,000 Caucasian men and 9-9 per 100,000 Caucasian women will be diagnosed with bladder cancer compared to 20.0 African American men and 7-9 African American women. If you were raised by smokers or live in a house with smokers, you may be at risk, as are people who are current or former smokers. To a lesser extent, smoking pipes or cigars also carries a risk. Snuff and chewing tobacco have not been linked to bladder cancer. The risk of bladder cancer quickly drops when you quit smoking. However, as a former smoker you remain at risk because it can take 20 or 30 years for bladder cancer to man­ifest itself. Certain variables, such as how deeply you inhaled cigarette smoke and how long you smoked, can elevate or reduce your risk.

Other risk factors include chronic urinary tract infec­tions, exposure to cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide (chemo­therapy drugs used for certain cancers), and pelvic radiation for cervical cancer. There is also a somewhat elevated chance of developing bladder cancer if a member of your family has had the disease. Although there is evidence that saccha­rin consumption is a risk factor, various studies have failed to find a strong link between bladder cancer and caffeine or modern artificial sweeteners. People who consume lots of fluids have been reported to have a lower incidence of bladder cancer, perhaps because fluids flush cancer-causing chemicals out of the bladder.

The most recent cancer research indicates that bladder cancer might be prevented through changes in lifestyle, so don’t use tobacco products and be sure to limit your expo­sure to certain chemicals, drugs, and radiation. Some risk factors, such as heredity, can’t be controlled, but you can be aware of them and of any symptoms of dis­eases that have appeared in previous generations of your family. Keep in mind that even if an inheritable disease is present in your family history, it doesn’t mean that every­one in your family will actually get the disease. In fact, most won’t. But because you have an increased likelihood of devel­oping the disease, you can and should get regular check­ups so if cancer does develop, you’ll catch it early, at a stage when treatment is most effective.

During your office visit, your doctor will ask you detailed questions about your lifestyle, symptoms, and medical his­tory. Your doctor may ask you questions that dont seem relevant to your symptoms, such as whether you are experi­encing abdominal pain or your bones ache more than usual, and whether you’ve unexpectedly lost weight or developed a cough. The doctor is looking for indications that cancer might be present elsewhere in the body; such indications will determine which tests he or she will recommend. Routine body functions such as lung, heart, and blood pressure should be checked. Your abdomen should be exam­ined, and for men, a prostate exam should be performed, while women should expect a vaginal exam. At this point, the doctor may schedule further tests or refer you to a urologist.

Actos Lawsuit

Actos Lawsuit: A strong muscle somewhat like a rubber band encircles your bladder and keeps the urethra tightly closed until nerves in the bladder signal you that the bladder is full and it is time to urinate. Urinary problems include the inability to retain the urine in the normal fashion or to void urine from the body. Sometimes people experience the urge to urinate even if the bladder is not full. Sometimes this is caused by bacteria in the bladder, which can cause an infection called cystitis. This symptom can also be caused by local bladder irritation or by the development of cancer. Sometimes it is not even related to the bladder but an enlarged prostate, due to benign or cancerous causes. As with all parts of the human body, the bladder can develop cancer, which can also cause problems with retaining or voiding urine.

The most common symptom of bladder cancer is hematuria, or blood visible in the urine, either with or without any accompanying pain. About 80 percent of the people diagnosed with bladder cancer notice blood in their urine, and its often what prompts them to seek medical attention. In some cases, the presence of blood isn’t noticeable to the naked eye and can only be seen through a microscope, usually when a urine test is being done during a routine physical or when an infection of the urinary tract or bladder is suspected. A urine test can detect whither blood is present in the urine and can also rule out whether other things, such as food or medicines, are the cause of red or rusty-colored urine.

Noticeable blood in the urine is a tricky symptom. It can appear in varying colors and at irregular intervals, and as a result, you might overlook its significance or decide to wait and see whether it happens again before seeking medical attention. For example, you may notice blood in your urine drops of blood in your underwear two or three times in as many days, or you may see it on one occasion but after that your urine appears normal for days or weeks. The same thing can happen during a laboratory urinalysis, where red blood cells may be visible microscopically only intermittently.

You might experience a gush of bright red blood or notice pink or rusty brown urine or even little clots of blood. To complicate things, foods such as beets or blackberries may produce colored urine, as do a number of medicines, food additives, and vitamins. With the major symptoms of bladder cancer acting in such a variable fashion, appearing in different ways and sometimes disappearing altogether, it’s important to see your doctor immediately if you notice blood or what you think might be blood in your urine. As with most cancers, the key to successfully managing bladder cancer is detecting it early and starting treatment as soon as possible.

Bladder cancer does not produce many symptoms, and many of the symptoms are typical of other, less severe conditions, such as infections or benign tumors. Besides blood in the urine, your symptoms can include pain or burning during urination, a feeling of having to urinate because of an uncomfortable fullness, or the need to get up frequently at night to urinate. Men are at much higher risk for bladder cancer than women, although its not known why; it strikes men three to four times as often as it does women. The American Cancer Society projects that men have a 1 in 27 chance of developing bladder cancer, while women have a 1 in 84 chance. The good news is that overall death rates for bladder cancer are decreasing for both men and women. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer among men in the United States (following prostate, lung, and colon cancers). It is most common in people between the ages of 50 and 75, and is rarely diagnosed in children.

Actos Lawsuit

Actos Lawsuit: Bladder cancer primarily affects people between the ages of 50 and 75, and more often men than women, and more Caucasians than African Americans, Hispanics, or Asians. Smokers, former smokers, and people whose jobs expose them to certain chemicals or environmental toxins are at higher risk of developing bladder cancer. Family members of people who have had bladder cancer are at slightly higher risk of developing the disease, and if you have already had blad­der cancer, you have an increased chance of getting it again.

The bladder is a balloon-shaped, muscular organ tucked into the pelvis and held in place by fibrous bands and muscle. The bladder is part of a system that includes the kidneys, ureters, and urethra. These organs process the waste products left behind after your body has taken out the nutrients it needs from the food you eat. The bladder is lined on the inside by a tissue known as urothelium, the smooth layer that stretches as the blad­der fills and prevents excreted material from being reab­sorbed into the body. Underneath the urothelium is a mix of fibrous or supporting tissue and muscle, both of which help the bladder to expand (when full) and to contract and excrete urine at the appropriate time.

In addition to lining the bladder, urothelial tissue also lines other parts of the urinary tract system, including in the ureters (the tubes that drain the kidneys), the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body), and parts of the male prostate. Urothelial tissue can sometimes develop cancerous changes known as uro­thelial malignancy. The most common type of cancer of the urothelial tract is transitional cell carcinoma, also known as urothelial cancer. When urothelial tissue is exposed to cancer-causing substances, such as the by-products of cigarette smoke, the potential exists for cancerous changes to occur in multiple locations. That’s why when bladder cancer is suspected or confirmed, the entire urinary tract is screened for the pos­sible presence of other cancerous deposits.

Other organs, such as the lungs, liver, skin, and intesti­nal tract, also process waste. These systems work together to balance the chemicals and water your body needs to func­tion properly. The urinary system processes urea, a specific waste prod­uct that is produced when protein-containing foods (such as a meat) are broken down in the digestive process. Urea is filtered through the kidneys and, together with other waste by-products and water, is converted into urine. Urine is carried by thin tubes called ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. Muscles in the walls of th e ureters squeeze out small amounts of urine into the bladder on a constant basis, about every ten seconds. A healthy bladder can hold about two cups of urine for up to five hours. Healthy adults produce about six cups of urine a day.

Actos Lawsuit

Actos Lawsuit News – 3/5/2012: If you were prescribed Actos and have suffered negative side effects, please contact us today so that we can put you in touch with an attorney to advise you of your legal rights.

Actos Lawsuit: The bladder is a hollow organ nestled in the lower abdomen that serves as a storage container for urine, the liquid waste produced by the kidneys. The inner tissue of the bladder is surrounded by an outer layer of muscle that tightens to increase the pressure in the bladder when one is about to pass urine, forcing the urine to pass from the bladder into the urethra (the flexible tube that carries urine from the bladder to the point of urination) and out of the body. Cancer that arises in the bladder is one of the most common malignancies in industrialized societ­ies, yet it is not well understood in the community at large. We believe that it is time to provide a simple, non-medical explanation of this disease for people who have to deal with this illness either as patients or as caregivers.

Urothelial cancer (which, for many years, was termed “transitional cell cancer” or TCC), which accounts for more than 90 percent of bladder cancers, begins in the innermost layer of bladder tissue and consists of cells of variable sizes and shapes. It has been called “transitional” because it resembles some of the other patterns of cells that are found in other bladder cancers and has been thought to be intermediate or transitional between some of them. Because of where it begins, i.e., the lining of the bladder or “urothelium,” it is now more commonly called urothelial cancer.

Another pattern is squamous cell carcinoma, which starts in the flat cells that line the inside of the bladder and (under the microscope) closely resembles the appearance of the cells that make up the layers of skin. Adenocarcinoma begins in cells that have a glandlike appearance and make mucus. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are very uncommon. Cancer is not one disease; it is many diseases affect­ing parts of the human body All cancers have one thing in common: something has gone wrong in the way some of the body’s cells normally grow, divide, and die. When a cancer forms, the main problem is that some cells start to grow, slowly or quickly, in an uncontrolled fashion, and the usual switch-off mechanisms that stop cell growth don’t work properly.

The breakdown in the switch-off mecha­nisms may be caused by exposure to chemicals (e.g., some of those found in cigarette smoke), radiation, or even rare types of virus infection. The extra cells may cluster and form a tumor. Cancer cells may invade and damage surrounding tissue. Cancer cells may also break away and spread through the body by entering the lymph or blood systems. Most bladder cancers that are located on the inner surface of the bladder are treated by techniques that kill them or remove them surgically. Bladder cancers that are invasive (having burrowed into the wall of the bladder) or metastatic (having spread to other parts of the body) require more complicated treatment.

Actos Lawsuit

Actos Lawsuit : The bladder is the container in the body that stores urine. The other term for bladder is “vesical,” which is derived from the Latin word vesicular. The bladder is a soft, round structure that is located in the pelvis. The pubic bone is in front of the bladder; the rectum in men or the uterus in women is behind the bladder. Urine drains into the bladder through an opening on each side at the bottom of the bladder. Urine is stored in the bladder until a person is ready to urinate. In order to urinate, the muscle in the bladder wall squeezes, push­ing the urine out of the bladder through the urethra. In women, the urethra is short, only approximately 1 inch long. In men, it is much longer because it has to pass through the prostate and then the penis before finally opening at the tip of the penis.

In the middle of the abdomen, just beneath the lower ribs, are the kidneys. The kidneys filter the blood to produce urine. The urine that the kidneys produce exits the kidney through the renal pelvis and flows into the ureters. The ureters are soft, muscular tubes that are about the width of a pencil. They carry the urine from the kidneys down to the bladder, where they open into the base of the bladder.

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The adult bladder normally holds approximately 400 ml of urine. The bladder wall has three separate layers. The innermost layer that is in contact with the urine is a thin layer called the urothelium. The middle layer is made of muscle fibers that can squeeze. When the muscles contract, they increase the pressure inside the bladder, squeezing the urine out of the bladder. The outermost layer is a thin but protective layer called serosa.

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The bladder has two functions. The first is the storage of urine, and the second is the emptying of urine. In an infant, the bladder constantly fills and empties without any control by the brain. During toilet training, the brain learns to control the bladder, enabling it to hold (store) the urine until a time when it is socially accept­able to urinate. Emptying is the second function that the bladder must perform. In infancy, before toilet train­ing, this is actually the most important function of the bladder.

Although most of us take these two processes for granted, either one or both can malfunction. If the stor­age function fails, the bladder can become very small and contracted, holding just a tiny amount of urine before it needs to empty. In contrast, it may become floppy and dilated, holding several liters of urine before it is ready to empty. It can also become “overactive,” causing feelings of urgency and the need to urinate more than eight times per day. When the actual emptying function goes wrong, the bladder may only partially empty each time, leaving a high remaining amount of urine (the so-called postvoid residual). The bladder muscle may also weaken to the point where one is completely unable to urinate. This is called urinary retention.

When storing urine, the bladder must do so at a low pressure. This allows the new urine made in the kidneys to flow downward into the bladder. A safe bladder pres­sure is less than 40 cm H2O. When the pressures are higher than this, the urine may “back up” in the kidneys. High pressures in the kidneys over a long period of time may damage the kidneys. During urination, the bladder must squeeze to force the urine out. The pressure in the bladder at these times may be much higher than 40 cm H₂O, but it does not usually damage the kidneys.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Lawsuit is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Lawsuit News- 1/26/2012: Surgery can be as effective in elderly patients as in younger patients, but it does have a higher rate of postoperative complications in older individuals who have other medical problems (comorbidities). Elderly people are particularly sensitive to long-term complications, lilce the metabolic dis­turbances that can follow urinary diversion. In those aged 80 or older, the role of radical cystectomy is controversial. Although newer surgical techniques and improvements in care, before and after the operation, make this an option for increasing numbers of older patients, several studies suggest that its benefit is at best quite minimal, even in relatively fit octogenarians. You need to carefully weigh the benefits and risks of radical cystectomy with your multidisciplinary team before going through such an aggressive operation.

Because bladder cancer surgery can cause serious side effects and debilitation that requires significant healing time and energy, older patients usually tolerate neoadjuvant chemotherapy (given before surgery) better than adjuvant chemotherapy (given after surgery). On the other hand, because not all bladder cancer patients need chemotherapy, giving it after surgery (adjuvant therapy) offers the advantages of treating only those patients who absolutely need it. You should discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches with your multi­disciplinary team.

With regard to choice of chemotherapy, healthy older patients can receive the same regimens as their younger counterparts, including those that are anthracycline-based, like MVAC (see Chapter 3). However, older patients are at increased risk of developing congestive heart failure from these regimens, and gemcitabine-cisplatin is probably a better choice, especially in those with a significant cardiac risk for anthracyclines. Recent studies have shown this regimen to be just as effective as MVAC but with fewer- side effects.

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Managing chemotherapy-associated toxicity with appropri­ate supportive care is crucial in the elderly population to give them the best chance of cure and survival or to provide the best palliation. Reducing tire dose of chemotherapy (or radiation therapy) based purely on chronological age may seriously affect the effectiveness of treatment. Those with metastatic disease may tolerate single-agent chemotherapy better, but tire presence of severe comorbidities, age-related frailly, or underlying severe psychosocial problems may be obstacles, even for these treatment plans. As in younger patients, trimodal therapy with bladder preservation may be an option for selected older individuals with bladder cancer (see Chapter 3). It is an aggressive treatment approach that involves radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. If an older person is too frail to undergo radical cystectomy, he or she is usually too frail to get trimodal therapy. There are a few exceptions to this general rule, and it is essential that you weigh all of the risks and benefits with your multidisciplinary care team. In frail patients, radiation therapy is sometimes used to control the symptoms of bladder cancer, but it is rarely curative.

The fatigue that usually accompanies radiation therapy can be quite profound in the elderly, even in those who are fit. Often, the logistical details (like daily travel to the hospi­tal for a 6-week course of treatment) are the hardest for older people. It is important that you discuss these potential problems with your family and social worker before starting radiation therapy. Anemia (low red blood cell count) is common in the elderly, especially the frail elderly. It decreases the effectiveness of chemotherapy and often causes fatigue, falls, cognitive decline (for example, dementia, disorientation or confusion), and heart problems. Therefore it is essential that anemia be recognized and corrected with red blood cell transfusions or the appropriate use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

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Kidney function declines as we age. Some of the medicines that older patients take to treat both their cancer (for example, cisplatin, carboplatin, methotrexate, zoledronic acid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and noncancer- related problems might make this worse. The dehydration that often accompanies cancer and its treatment can put additional stress on the kidneys. Fortunately, it is often possible to minimize these effects by carefully selecting and dosing appropriate drugs, managing “polypharmacy,” and preventing dehydration. Fatigue is a near universal complaint of older cancer patients. It is particularly a problem for those who are socially isolated or depend on others to help them with activities of daily living. It is not necessarily related to depression, but it can be. Depression is quite common in the elderly. In contrast to younger patients who often respond to a cancer diagnosis with anxiety, depression is the more common disorder in older cancer patients. With proper support and medical attention, many of these patients can safely receive anticancer treatment.

fter receiving the diagnosis of cancer, many patients report that they hear very little else their doctor tells them. Although this information will be repeated and clarified over the ensuing visits with your physician, it can also be empowering to find out more information on your own. When searching for information about any healthcare topic, you should look for two criteria. First, the information should be published by a reliable source. Articles or reviews by experts are often the high­est quality resources. Second, the information should be written at an appropriate level for the reader. Very technical writing may not be appropriate for everyone, whereas some patients may want more detailed scientific information. The following resources meet these criteria, are either expert written or reviewed, and offer varying levels of scientific detail.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Lawsuit: is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Lawsuit : Erectile dysfunction: During a standard radical cystectomy in the male, the fine nerves which run along the base of the prostate to the penis are severed, resulting in loss of erections (impotence). If the individual having surgery still has good erections and is sexually active, these nerves can be attempted to be saved by modifying the surgery. Saving the nerves is more difficult to do, it takes more time, and is not always successful.

Female sexual dysfunction: In the female patient at the minimum, the section of the vagina contiguous to the bladder is removed. In the presence of extensive bladder cancer, more of the vagina may need to be removed. Narrowing and shortening of the vagina may result, making sexual intercourse difficult, painful, or impossible. The vagina is reconstructed intraoperatively so that sexual relations can continue. For those requiring major removal of the vagina, future reconstruction of the vagina by additional surgery can be accomplished once the individual has fully recovered and is free of cancer.

Hernia: After surgery, there is an increased risk of developing an incisional hernia (a hernia through the original incision) or an inguinal hernia (a hernia in the groin). A hernia represents a weakening of the thick outer layer of tissue which holds the abdominal contents in place. With a hernia, there is an abnormal protrusion of peritoneal sac and possibly bowel. Herniation of bowel may lead to a lack of blood flow to the herniated intestine which can be serious if left untreated. Surgical correction of the hernia is usually recommended to avoid this possibility and to eliminate discomfort.

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Prolonged ileus: For some individuals return of bowel function may be delayed by several days or longer. Your urologist will be following you carefully to make sure a bowel obstruction or bowel leak is not present. Ileus may require leaving the nasogastric tube in to suction off excessive fluid. In addition, hyperalimentation (complete nutrition delivered intravenously) may be initiated if the ileus is prolonged.

Urine leak: The ureters are sewn to the ileal loop in a watertight fashion. In addition, small tubes, called stents, are placed through the ileal loop, through the anastomosis of the ureter to the loop, up the ureter into each kidney. These tubes are placed to allow the ureteral-ileal anastomosis to heal and to prevent leakage. They are generally removed weeks after surgery. Besides these stents, a drain or drains are placed to siphon off any urine which may still leak from the anastomosis. Prolonged urine leakage into the abdomen will generally result in ileus and possibly secondary infection. Persistent urine leak may result from the lack of good blood supply to the ends of the ureters. Leakage is also increased in those who have had pelvic radiation in the past for other malignancies. Prolonged leakage may require repeat surgery.

Wound infection: The rate of wound infection is low. Rates are increased in diabetics, obese individuals, prolonged surgery, and in those individuals whose body temperature drops excessively during surgery. Excellent surgical technique and the use of antibiotics can lower the rate. Wound infections generally will require opening the area to allow drainage. Wound infection can result in weakening of the abdominal closure, which can cause a hernia or more rarely an evisceration (a disruption of the abdominal closure), requiring immediate surgical closure.

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Cardiovascular complications: Major surgery can result in significant physical stress to the body and its physiology. Cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart beats) may occur and warrant medical therapy to correct. If serious, a cardiologist may be consulted. Life threatening arrhythmias may require cardioversion to correct or even the possibility of a pacemaker. A heart attack (a vascular blockage to the heart) or a cerebrovascular accident also referred to as a stroke, are fortunately rare, but sometimes devastating complications which can prove to be fatal. It is essential an individual facing major surgery with cardiac or vascular disease be properly screened prior to surgery to rule out and correct any serious underlying abnormalities. One should not face surgery with an unstable major underlying condition without correction or improvement when this can be reasonably achieved.

Pulmonary problems: After surgery, it is essential to do deep breathing exercises usually with a device called a spirometer. Bed rest, pain from surgery, and the sedative effects of pain medication can all lead to inadequate aeration of the lungs, which can lead to atelectasis (a collapsed area of the lung). Left untreated, atelectasis can lead to infection (pneumonitis or pneumonia), a potentially serious complication. For those with preceding lung disease, a respiratory therapist will likely be requested to work with the patient to clear lung secretions and increase aeration to prevent infection.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Lawsuit is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Lawsuit : From 1998 to 2000, the median age at diagnosis was 63 years of age. 90% of patients were 55 years of age and older at the time of diagnosis. The chance of a man developing bladder cancer at any time during his life is about 1 in 27, whereas it is 1 in 84 for a woman. Thus bladder cancer is 3 times more common in men than in women. The incidence of bladder cancer increases with age in both sexes, meaning that an older individual is more likely to acquire bladder cancer than a younger person. It is twice as common in white American men as it is in African American men and 1.5 times more common in white American women as it is in African American women. Hispanic Americans also have about half the rates of bladder cancer as do white Americans. Bladder cancer is more common in the United States and Great Britain than in Japan or Finland.

Cancer is more common in white Americans, African Americans tend to have more advanced disease when they first present to the doctor. This may be because of an underreporting of more superficial tumors, delays in diagnosis, or a tendency toward more aggressive tumors in this group. As would be expected from the tendency toward more advanced disease, 5-year survival rates are 71% for African American men versus 84% for white men, and 71% for African American women ver­sus 76% for white women.

Cancers originating in the bladder are far more common than cancers that spread to the bladder from another loca­tion. There are several types of primary tumors. Recall that transitional cell cancer accounts for at least 90% of all bladder cancers. Transitional cell tumors can be classi­fied as (1) papillary, (2) sessile, or (3) a mix of both types. Papillary tumors look like a piece of cauliflower attached to the wall by a short stalk; sessile tumors look flat and are broad-based. Almost 70% of transitional cell tumors are papillary types, which tend to have a better prognosis than sessile tumors. Less common types of bladder can­cer include squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, and urachal carcinoma.

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Cancer, including bladder cancer, develops because of changes in the DNA of a normal cell. DNA can be damaged by chemical exposures such as cigarette smoke, industrial chemicals, chemotherapy, and so forth. Environmental exposures such as these are called risk factors. Risk factors do not exactly cause bladder cancer. Not everyone who smokes will get bladder cancer. However, as a group, the risk is ele­vated relative to people who do not smoke. Exposures such as these increase the likelihood of DNA becom­ing damaged. When the specific DNA that controls a cell’s growth is damaged, the cell then has the poten­tial to become cancerous. The hallmark of cancer is overgrowth of cells, causing compression of surround­ing tissues or destruction of the tissues.

Some risk factors, such as your genes, can­not be changed. Many more, however, can be changed. Cigarette smoking is the biggest risk factor for getting bladder cancer. If you are a smoker, the most impor­tant thing you can do is to quit today. If someone you live with smokes, encourage that person to quit also. Question 10 discusses what are called modifiable risk factors. These are the lifestyle and environmental things that you can change to decrease your chances of get­ting bladder cancer. Look over this list carefully, and do everything you can to change your lifestyle now to help protect your future and your family’s future.

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Although these systems normally provide tight regula­tion of cell growth, your body does not always want tight regulation. Sometimes cells need to be able to reproduce quickly without the constraints of the regula­tory genes. Examples of this include the healing phase after an injury or surgery, or during normal growth in childhood. To accommodate these situations, there are other genes in each cell that when activated allow the cell to grow more vigorously. When you break a bone, new bone cells need to move in quickly and replace the damaged tissue. Your body then needs a way “take off the brakes” to allow growth of certain cell types. A common signal to “hit the accelerator” is called epider­mal growth factor and is often abnormal in bladder cancer, especially in more aggressive tumors. These types of genes are known as oncogenes. A gene named the p21 ras oncogene can be found in many bladder cancers. Although oncogenes are not well understood, they may play a role in determining how aggressively a tumor behaves. They appear able to change a low-grade tumor into a higher-grade, more aggressive tumor. Researchers are always identifying new genes and new proteins that are involved in bladder cancer, and each new finding provides a possible route of new therapy to prevent or treat bladder cancer.

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